football spectator) can indicate an acute haemorrhage into the vocal cord Reflux generally creates an episodic pattern, and is usually worse in the morning. Anxiety/Depression and public speaking fears are often associated with muscle tension. Pattern of symptoms? Excessive voice use with occupational demands can create vocal strain.Smoking can also cause a range of benign laryngeal pathology that can be treated such as hyperkeratosis, Reinke’s oedema (Fig 1) as well as lung cancers that can lead to recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy leading to breathiness Smoking and alcohol history? The risk of malignancy is proportional to the pack year smoking history.
Are there any associated sinister upper aero-digestive tract symptoms? In the region of the larynx and hypopharynx, malignancies cause symptoms such as dysphagia, odynophagia, haemoptysis or referred otalgia.Any recent upper respiratory infections? Even a minor viral URTI can cause sufficient abnormality of the delicate mucosal folds of the larynx or exacerbate pre-existing pathology.So beginning with the history, some key questions in my mind are: In this short paper, I will attempt to highlight my approach to the assessment of dysphonia to identify the minority with malignancy and diagnosing the benign pathologies that afflict the larynx. While a significant proportion of patient presentations are of the acute inflammatory nature in association with upper respiratory tract infections, the persistent of dysphonia beyond a period of 2 weeks requires further assessment. Has a hard time lying down because it is hard to breathe.Persistent dysphonia has a significant impact on a patient’s quality of life and remains a common problem within the general practice setting.Is refusing to swallow because of a very sore throat.Has rapid or difficult breathing, or bluish coloured lips.Has a fever for more than 72 hours or is younger than 6 months and has a fever.Talk to your doctor or go to the hospital if your child: Your doctor might prescribe a medicine to help relieve the symptoms.įor cases of very mild croup, your child may continue to attend a child care facility or school once they feel well enough to take part in activities. See your doctor if symptoms continue or worsen.If you give medication for fever, read the instructions carefully and do not give more often than listed on the label.The only exception is medication used for fever. Do not give over-the-counter cough and cold medicines to children younger than 6 years old unless your doctor prescribes one.Breathing in the cool air may ease symptoms. Take your child outside for a few minutes if it’s a cold day.Clear nasal congestion with a bulb syringe and saline (saltwater) nose drops.Do not give ibuprofen to babies under 6 months of age without first talking to your doctor. Ibuprofen should only be given if your child is drinking reasonably well. Give acetaminophen or ibuprofen for fever.Keep your child as calm and comfortable as possible and offer plenty of fluids.Antibiotics are not used to treat croup because it is caused by a virus, not by a bacteria. In severe cases, your child’s breathing can become difficult and they will have to be treated in hospital. In most cases, croup sounds worse than it actually is and will clear up on its own within 5 to 7 days. Your child may become tired because of the extra work it takes to breathe.Activity that increases the rate of breathing (even crying or excitement) could make your child sound worse.Your child may have difficulty breathing, and it may be rapid and noisy.Your child’s voice gets hoarse and they develop a cough that sounds like a bark.The lining of the throat and larynx (voice box) becomes red and swollen.It often begins like a cold, but then the child develops a fever and cough.By coming in contact with the virus in the air, after an infected person has coughed or sneezed.By touching something that has been touched by someone who has the infection.By touching the hands of someone who has the infection.The viruses that cause croup spread the same way as a common cold:
How does croup spread?Ĭroup is most common in the winter and early spring. In older children, it’s called laryngitis. When children younger than 5 years of age have the infection, it’s called croup. It can be caused by several different viruses. Croup (laryngo-tracheo-bronchitis) What is croup?Ĭroup is an infection of the throat, vocal cords (or larynx), and large airways of the lungs.
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